A newly discovered hormone that keeps the bones of breastfeeding women strong could also help bone fractures heal and treat osteoporosis in the broader population. Researchers at UC San Francisco (UCSF) and UC Davis showed that in mice, the hormone, brain-derived cellular communication network factor 3 (CCN3), which they now call maternal brain hormone (MBH) increases bone density and strength. Their findings solve a long-standing puzzle about how women’s bones remain relatively robust during breastfeeding, even as calcium is stripped from bones to support milk production.
“One of the remarkable things about these findings is that if we hadn’t been studying female mice, which unfortunately is the norm in biomedical research, then we could have completely missed out on this finding,” said Holly Ingraham, PhD, professor of cellular molecular pharmacology at UCSF. “It underscores just how important it is to look at both male and female animals across the lifespan to get a full understanding of biology.”
Ingraham is senior author of the team’s published paper in Nature, titled “A maternal brain hormone that builds bone,” in which they concluded, “Our findings establish CCN3 as a potentially new therapeutic osteoanabolic hormone for both sexes and define a new maternal brain hormone for ensuring species survival in mammals.”
More than 200 million people worldwide suffer from osteoporosis, a severe weakening of the bones that can cause frequent fractures. Women are at particularly high risk of osteoporosis after menopause because of declining levels of the sex hormone estrogen (estradiol; E2), which normally promotes bone formation. “For women, estrogen depletion following menopause or anti-hormone therapies degrades bone mass, an effect that underscores the anabolic features of estrogen on bone,” the authors wrote.
Estrogen levels are also low during breastfeeding, yet osteoporosis and bone fractures are much rarer during this time, suggesting that something other than estrogen promotes bone growth. “… the intimate association between estrogen and bone is uncoupled during lactation when the E2 surge in late-stage pregnancy drops precipitously,” the team continued, “Moreover, bone remodeling increases sharply in rodents and in primates to meet the high calcium demand by progeny.” The possibility exists, therefore, the team reasoned, that “…dedicated mechanisms drive the anabolic pathway of bone remodeling during lactation.”
Ingraham’s lab previously discovered that in female mice, but not male mice, blocking a particular estrogen receptor found in select neurons in a small area of the brain led to huge increases in bone mass. They suspected that a hormone in the blood was responsible for the super-strong bones but, at the time, could not find it—a quest that was further protracted during the worldwide pandemic.
For their newly reported research, Ingraham and collaborators carried out an exhaustive search for this bone-building hormone and finally pinpointed CCN3 as the factor responsible in mutant females. Initially, the team was surprised by this result, as CCN3 did not fit the typical profile of a secreted hormone from neurons. But in confirmation of the result, they also found CCN3 in the same brain region in lactating female mice. Without the production of CCN3 in these select KISS1 neurons, lactating female mice rapidly lost bone, and their babies began to lose weight, confirming the importance of the hormone in maintaining bone health during lactation.
“… to verify that CCN3 is an anabolic brain hormone during lactation, viral vector delivery of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting Ccn3 (shCcn3) was used to knockdown CCN3 in the ARC of adult virgin females before pregnancy,” the authors stated. Despite their ability to suckle, pups nursed by a shCcn3 mother failed to thrive, eventually leading to increased mortality. “Pup viability depended on the status of brain CCN3 in mothers, as transfer of pups to a shCcn3 mother resulted in 10% weight loss compared with 30% weight gain when nursed by dams injected with control shRNA (shCtrl).”
Through further experiments, the scientists showed that when strategies to increase circulating CCN3 were implemented in young adult and older female or male mice, bone mass and strength in these animals increased dramatically over the course of weeks. In some female mice who lacked all estrogen or were very old, CCN3 was able to more than double bone mass.
When Ingraham’s UC Davis scientific collaborator, Thomas Ambrosi, PhD, tested these bones, he was surprised by their strength. “There are some situations where highly mineralized bones are not better; they can be weaker and actually break more easily,” he explained. “But when we tested these bones, they turned out to be much stronger than usual.”
“Our data across several models established that CCN3-mediated formation of new bone is coupled with higher bone quality and healthy bone remodeling,” the authors stated. “Although our study is seemingly at odds with suggestions that CCN3 inhibits osteogenesis and bone regeneration, these differences could reflect a dose effect of CCN3, with higher levels resulting in compensatory cellular responses or nonspecific receptor activation in bone niches that are anti-osteogenesis.”
Ambrosi looked closely at the stem cells within the bones that are responsible for generating new bone and found that when these cells were exposed to CCN3, they were much more prone to generate new bone cells.
To test the ability of the hormone to assist in bone healing, the researchers created a hydrogel patch that could be applied directly to the site of a bone fracture, where it would slowly release CCN3 for two weeks. In elderly mice, bone fractures don’t usually heal well. However, the CCN3 patch spurred the formation of new bone at the site of the fracture, contributing to youthful healing of the fracture. “We’ve never been able to achieve this kind of mineralization and healing outcome with any other strategy,” Ambrosi said. “We’re really excited to follow it up and potentially apply CCN3 in the context of other problems, such as regrowing cartilage.”
The researchers plan to carry out future studies on the molecular mechanisms of CCN3, its levels in breastfeeding women, as well as the potential of the hormone to treat a variety of bone conditions. “Whether MBH is eventually exported to milk is unclear, the team noted. “We suggest that hormones, such as MBH, are in place to coordinate adaptive physiological responses in peripheral tissues, including the skeleton and gut, to meet the high demands of motherhood. Future directions of research include the potential translation of MBH in genetic and chronic bone diseases.”
Muriel Babey, MD, a co-first author and mentored physician-scientist in the Division of Endocrinology at UCSF, is keen to begin asking how CCN3 impacts bone metabolism in clinically relevant disease settings. Partnering with the UCSF Catalyst program, William Krause, PhD, a senior scientist and co-lead on this project will begin translating these new results. Bone loss happens not only in post-menopausal women but often occurs in breast cancer survivors that take certain hormone blockers; in younger, highly trained elite female athletes; and in older men whose relative survival rate is poorer than women after a hip fracture,” Ingraham said. “It would be incredibly exciting if CCN3 could increase bone mass in all these scenarios.”
