Sometimes going against the grain produces positive results, and scientific research is no exception. This is the approach that a collaborative team of investigators, led by scientists at Brigham Young University (BYU), took while searching for novel treatments for Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
“Instead of identifying genetic variants that are causing disease, we wanted to identify genetic variants that are protecting people from developing disease,” explained lead study investigator Perry Ridge, Ph.D., assistant professor of biology at BYU. “And we were able to identify a promising genetic variant.”
In a study published recently in Genome Medicine, in an article entitled “Linkage, Whole Genome Sequence, and Biological Data Implicate Variants in RAB10 in Alzheimer’s Disease Resilience,” the BYU team and their colleagues describe a rare genetic variant they found that provides a protective effect for high-risk individuals—elderly people who carry known genetic risk factors for Alzheimer’s—who never acquire the disease.
While the typical research approach, which is geared toward uncovering the underlying cause of disease, has generally been effective in producing a list of genes that might impact risk for that disease, it often leaves researchers without sufficient data on what to do next. In the current study, the researchers found a biological mechanism by which a genetic variant impacts AD.
Using data from the Utah Population Database—a 20-million-record database of the Mormon Church’s genealogical records combined with historical medical records from Utah—the BYU team first identified families that had a large number of resilient individuals, i.e., those who carried the main genetic risk factor for AD (E4 allele) but remained healthy into advanced age.
“We used over 200 ‘AD resilient’ individuals and an innovative, pedigree-based approach to identify genetic variants that segregate with AD resilience,” the author wrote. “First, we performed linkage analyses in pedigrees with resilient individuals and a statistical excess of AD deaths. Second, we used whole-genome sequences to identify candidate SNPs [single-nucleotide polymorphisms] in significant linkage regions. Third, we replicated SNPs from the linkage peaks that reduced risk for AD in an independent dataset, and in a gene-based test. Finally, we experimentally characterized replicated SNPs.”
Using this linkage analysis methodology, the investigators then looked for the DNA that those resilient individuals shared with each other that they didn’t share with loved ones who died of AD. Remarkably, the scientists discovered the resilient subjects shared a variant in the RAB10 gene, while those who got the disease did not share the genetic variant.
Additionally, once the researchers identified the potentially protective gene variant, they modified its expression level in cell models to see the impact on AD-related proteins. The scientists learned that when this gene is reduced in the body, it has the potential to reduce the risk for AD.
“There are currently no meaningful interventions for AD: no prevention, no modifying therapies, no cure,” concluded senior study investigator John Kauwe, Ph.D., associate professor of biology at BYU. “The discoveries we’re reporting in this manuscript provide a new target with a new mechanism that we believe has great potential to impact AD in the future.”
