Eat your carrots and lower your risk for skin cancer? New results from a study by investigators at Brown University would suggest that seems to be the case, although not necessarily isolated to the orange vegetable. The Brown researchers found that people whose diets included high levels of vitamin A had a 17% reduction in risk for acquiring squamous cell carcinoma. Findings from the new study were published recently in JAMA Dermatology through an article titled “Association of Vitamin A Intake With Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Risk in the United States.”
Vitamin A is known to be essential for the healthy growth and maturation of skin cells, but prior studies on its effectiveness in reducing skin cancer risk have been mixed. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is the second-most-common type of skin cancer among people with fair skin.
“Our study provides another reason to eat lots of fruits and vegetables as part of a healthy diet,” explained Eunyoung Cho, PhD, an associate professor of dermatology and epidemiology at Brown, as well as an associate epidemiologist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. “Skin cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma, is hard to prevent, but this study suggests that eating a healthy diet rich in vitamin A may be a way to reduce your risk, in addition to wearing sunscreen and reducing sun exposure.”
The current research looked at the diet and skin cancer results of participants in two large, long-term observational studies: The Nurses’ Health Study, which followed 121,700 U.S. women from 1984 to 2012, and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, which followed 51,529 U.S. men from 1986 to 2012.
Between the two studies, some 123,000 participants were white (and thus had a significant risk of developing skin cancer), had no prior history of cancer, and completed the dietary reports multiple times. Among these individuals included in the team’s subsequent analysis, a total of 3,978 cases of squamous cell carcinoma was reported and verified within the 24- or 26-year follow-up periods.
Both studies also asked the participants about hair color, the number of severe sunburns they had received in their lifetime and any family history of skin cancer, and the researchers adjusted for these and other factors. The studies did not, however, ask participants about their avoidance of mid-day sun, known to be a major risk factor for skin cancer.
After grouping the study participants into five categories by vitamin A intake levels, the researchers found that people in the category with the highest average daily total vitamin A intake were 17% less likely to get skin cancer than those in the category with the lowest total vitamin A intake.
Those in the highest category reported eating on average the amount of vitamin A equivalent to one medium baked sweet potato or two large carrots each day. Those in the lowest category reported eating a daily average amount of vitamin A equivalent to one-third cup of sweet potato fries or one small carrot, which is still above the U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowance of vitamin A.
The team also found that the majority of vitamin A came from the participants’ diets, particularly from fruits and vegetables, rather than from animal-based foods or vitamin supplements. Plant-based sources of vitamin A include not only sweet potatoes and carrots but leafy green vegetables and fruits like apricots and cantaloupe. Milk, some types of fish, and liver are rich sources of animal-based vitamin A.
The researchers cautioned that too much vitamin A, particularly from supplements and animal sources, can lead to nausea, liver toxicity, increased risk of osteoporosis and hip fracture, and even birth defects. Side effects from high levels of plant-based vitamin A are minimal.
The researchers also found that eating high levels of other plant-based pigments like vitamin A—such as lycopene, commonly found in tomatoes and watermelon—was associated with decreased risk of skin cancer.
Because the analysis was based on studies surveying a large population about the foods they ate and observing whether they got skin cancer, rather than a randomized clinical trial, it cannot establish cause and effect. It’s possible that another factor may have led to the differences—such as the fact that people who consumed more vitamin A also tended to drink less alcohol.
As a next step, Cho would like to conduct a clinical trial to see if vitamin A supplements can prevent squamous cell carcinoma. However, she added, conducting a dietary clinical trial is quite challenging on a technical level, as is ensuring that participants stick to the diet.
“If a clinical trial cannot be done, then a large-scale prospective study like this is the best alternative for studying diet,” Cho said.
