Andrew Coffey Ph.D. Senior Applications Chemist Agilent Technologies
Koen Sandra Ph.D. R&D Director Life Sciences Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC)
Q: Why are glycans important?
Answer: Many proteins undergo posttranslational modifications to incorporate oligosaccharides onto their surface. These carbohydrates known as glycans are attached enzymatically to the side chains of key amino acids, such as asparagine (N-linked), and serine or threonine (O-linked). They can play a major part in ensuring correct protein folding or be involved in molecular recognition or signaling pathways. Although the level of glycosylation in therapeutic mAbs is relatively low (typically around 3 to 4% by weight), some therapeutic proteins have much higher concentrations (the glycan content of erythropoietin is as high as 40% w:w).
Characterizing and controlling glycan structure is essential for therapeutic mAb production given their potential role in antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. As well as the cell line used for protein expression, glycan structure is also affected by the fermentation conditions – levels of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide, and even reactor design, can all influence the structure of the glycan.
Q: How do I analyze glycans?
Answer: To characterize protein N-glycosylation, the glycan is first cleaved enzymatically from the denatured protein using PNGase F. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) then separates the released glycans by using an Agilent AdvanceBio Glycan Mapping column designed for the purpose. The gradient elution conditions are compatible with MS detection, although it is more common for the carbohydrate to be labeled using 2-aminobenzamide (2-AB) before analysis, with a fluorescent detector incorporated into the HPLC system. The latter derivatization procedure furthermore increases the electrospray ionization efficiency of the glycans. Newer choices in HILIC columns allow high-resolution glycan separations. Figure 1 shows the separation of 2-AB labeled N-glycans, enzymatically liberated from Herceptin, using either sub 2 µm fully porous particles or 2.7 µm superficially porous particles.
Figure 1. Herceptin N-glycan separation on both 1.8 µm and 2.7 µm HILIC columns.
Q: What about charge variants?
Answer: Measuring and quantifying the level of charge variants from large, complex biomolecules is an immense challenge. The most appropriate technique is ion-exchange chromatography (IEX) using Agilent Bio IEX columns. Since most therapeutic mAbs have a higher proportion of basic residues, cation exchange chromatography is most commonly used. The advantage of using cation exchange chromatography is that the protein does not need to be denatured; the mild aqueous conditions allow the intact mAb to be analyzed. To maximize resolution, it is often necessary to use long columns with shallow gradients. Weak cation exchange (WCX) columns often give better selectivity than strong cation exchange columns. Some WCX columns are specifically optimized for mAbs, such as the Agilent Bio MAb. No matter which IEX column you select, method development and optimization is still necessary for each product, and a rigorous “Quality by Design” approach covering mobile phase ionic strength and pH is essential. Figure 2 shows the replicate analysis of Herceptin on WCX with resolution of the asparagine deamidation before the main peak. The precision offered makes the technology highly attractive for comparing different production batches, and comparing innovator biopharmaceuticals with biosimilars.
Figure 2. Replicate analysis (n=5) of intact Herceptin on WCX.
Q: Why should I analyze aggregates?
Answer: It is essential to measure and control aggregation, since aggregates can stimulate immune responses. These responses could lead to an adverse event such as anaphylactic shock. Protein aggregation can occur during upstream or downstream processing, or under formulation or storage conditions and needs to be monitored. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is the ideal technique as the separation is carried out under non-denaturing conditions and Agilent biocolumns for size exclusion chromatography are the columns to choose.
Proteins can form dimers or larger aggregates, or even degrade into fragments such as the heavy and light chain components characteristic of IgG molecules. In the production of biosimilars, it is critical for the high and low molecular weight (HMW and LMW) variants to be very similar to the originator to avoid potential adverse events. Figure 3 shows a comparison of the SEC separation of Herceptin and a potential biosimilar, displaying differences in HMW and LMW profiles.
Figure 3. Comparison of SEC separations of Herceptin and a biosimilar.
Biopharma Solutions
These examples highlight the importance of characterizing mAbs to ensure their efficacy and safety in end use, and reveal some of the different LC techniques you can use to elucidate different characteristics. Next time, our final article in this series will examine the powerful software tools you can use to speed up your analyses. All the examples discussed are detailed in our complimentary Prepping Biosimilars compendium.
From glycan analysis and charge variant separations to quantification of aggregates, Agilent provides high-resolution columns to provide the insights you need for your biosimilars. These advanced methods help you correctly determine molecular weight and identity, determine purity, and find difficult to resolve impurities. Learn more about Agilent solutions to help advance your biopharma research. NEW VIDEO: A complete consumables workflow for the preparation and analysis of 2-AB labeled N-linked glycans, sample preparation, standards, and columns. RELATED WEBINAR: Glycan Mapping – does it have to be complex and time consuming?
Koen Sandra, Ph.D., is R&D Director Life Sciences at the Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC). and Andy Coffey, Ph.D., is Senior Applications Chemist at Agilent Technologies.
