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A research team headed by scientists at Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center has developed a multianalyte blood test that can screen for eight common forms of cancer and help to identify the tumor location. The test, called CancerSEEK, identifies eight circulating protein biomarkers and a panel of mutations in 16 cancer genes. When tested on blood samples from just over 1000 cancer patients, the assay demonstrated a specificity of 99% and a sensitivity of 69% to 98% for the five types of cancer for which there is currently no screening test. Reporting on the work in Science, the researchers estimate that the CancerSEEK test could cost less than $500, which is “comparably lower” than other screening tests, such as colonoscopy, for single cancers.
“This test represents the next step in changing the focus of cancer research from late-stage disease to early disease, which I believe will be critical to reducing cancer deaths in the long term,” says co-researcher Bert Vogelstein, M.D., co-director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Clayton Professor of Oncology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator.
“The use of a combination of selected biomarkers for early detection has the potential to change the way we screen for cancer, and it is based on the same rationale for using combinations of drugs to treat cancers,” adds Nickolas Papadopoulos, Ph.D., professor of oncology and pathology, who is senior author of the team’s paper, which is entitled “Detection and Localization of Surgically Resectable Cancer with a Multi-Analyte Blood Test.”
The eight cancers covered by CancerSEEK—ovarian, liver, stomach, pancreas, esophagus, colorectal, lung, and breast—together account for an estimated 360,000, or 60% of the cancer deaths in the U.S. in 2017. The only widely used blood test for early cancer detection involves measuring prostate-specific antigen (PSA), the authors note. Other approved tests for detecting cancer, including colonoscopy, mammography, and cervical cytology, are not blood-based.
CancerSEEK has been developed to address key requirements for a blood test for cancer, including high specificity to avoid putting patients through unnecessary follow-up procedures as a result of false positives and high enough sensitivity to identify the very low levels of genetic mutations in early-stage cancer patients. Another issue with liquid biopsies is the ability to identify the underlying tissue of origin.
“Because the same gene mutations drive multiple tumor types, liquid biopsies based on genomic analysis alone generally cannot identify the anatomical location of the primary tumor,” the authors write. In contrast, the CancerSEEK test “utilizes combined assays for genetic alterations and protein biomarkers and has the capacity not only to identify the presence of relatively early cancers but also to localize the organ of origin of these cancer.”
To develop CancerSEEK, the researchers initially looked at several hundred genes and 40 protein markers, but then narrowed down their panel to 16 genes and eight proteins. “…we searched for the minimum number of short amplicons that would allow us to detect at least one driver gene mutation in each of the eight tumor types evaluated,” the researchers write.
Circulating tumor DNA mutations can be highly specific markers for cancer, explains Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine researcher and M.D., Ph.D. student Joshua Cohen, who is the paper's first author. “To capitalize on this inherent specificity, we sought to develop a small yet robust panel that could detect at least one mutation in the vast majority of cancers.”
The scientists optimized the panel by working to the concept of diminishing returns. “The more DNA bases you assay, the more mutations you are capable of finding, but eventually you reach a point of diminishing returns,” explains Cohen. “We designed our test to reflect this point of diminishing returns, including the DNA markers that were useful to detecting the cancers and eliminating those that did not add benefit.” The result was a “small but robust” panel of highly selective DNA markers. “In fact, keeping the mutation panel small is essential to minimize false-positive results and keep such screening tests affordable.”
CancerSEEK demonstrated a median sensitivity of 70% when tested on 1005 patients diagnosed with one of the eight cancers. Patients all had Stage I–III nonmetastatic disease. Test sensitivity ranged from 98% for ovarian cancer to 33% for breast cancer. A trial of CancerSEEK on 812 healthy controls produced just seven false-positive results, although the authors point out that it’s also possible that one or more of the control individuals may have harbored a cancer that hadn’t yet been diagnosed.
One of the most important attributes of a screening test is the ability to detect cancers at relatively early stages, the author point out. The CancerSEEK test demonstrated a median sensitivity of 73% for the most common stage evaluated (Stage II), 78% for Stage III cancers, and lower 43% for Stage I cancers. The sensitivity for the earliest stage cancers (Stage I) was highest for liver cancer (100%) and lowest for esophageal cancer (20%).
The researchers also wanted to be able to use the test results to predict the site of a tumor. “One limitation of liquid biopsies is their inability to determine the cancer type in patients who test positive, which poses challenges for clinical follow-up,” they note. The team developed a supervised machine learning approach to predict the underlying cancer type in patients with positive test results. “A novelty of our classification method is that it combines the probability of observing various DNA mutations together with the levels of several proteins in order to make the final call,” explains Christian Tomasetti, Ph.D., associate professor of oncology and biostatistics, who developed the algorithm.
The algorithm took into account the circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and protein biomarker levels as well as the patient’s gender. When applied to the cancer patients who scored positive with a CancerSEEK test, and without any clinical information, the algorithm correctly localized the source of the cancer to two anatomic sites in 83% of patients, and was accurate down to a single organ in a median of 63% of patients. “The accuracy of prediction varied with tumor type; it was highest for colorectal cancers and lowest for lung cancers,” the authors write.
“Our study lays the conceptual and practical foundation for a single, multi-analyte blood test for cancers of many types,” the authors conclude. “This has the potential to substantially impact patients,” states Anne Marie Lennon, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor of medicine, surgery, and radiology, clinical director of gastroenterology, and director of the Multidisciplinary Pancreatic Cyst Program. “Earlier detection provides many ways to improve outcomes for patients. Optimally, cancers would be detected early enough that they could be cured by surgery alone, but even cancers that are not curable by surgery alone will respond better to systemic therapies when there is less advanced disease.”
“Many of the most promising cancer treatments we have today only benefit a small minority of cancer patients, and we consider them major breakthroughs. If we are going to make progress in early cancer detection, we have to begin looking at it in a more realistic way, recognizing that no test will detect all cancers,” adds Prof. Vogelstein.
