Researchers from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health provided new data showing that those who report being very sleepy during the day were nearly three times more likely years later to have brain deposits of beta-amyloid—a hallmark for Alzheimer's disease. The new findings, published recently in the journal SLEEP through an article titled “Excessive daytime sleepiness and napping in cognitively normal adults: associations with subsequent amyloid deposition measured by PiB PET,” adds to the growing body of evidence that poor quality sleep could encourage this form of dementia to develop. Moreover, the data suggests that getting adequate nighttime sleep could be a way to help prevent Alzheimer's disease.
“Factors like diet, exercise, and cognitive activity have been widely recognized as important potential targets for Alzheimer's disease prevention, but sleep hasn't quite risen to that status—although that may well be changing,” explains lead study investigator Adam Spira, Ph.D., associate professor in the department of mental health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Dr. Spira led the study with collaborators from the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the Bloomberg School, and Johns Hopkins Medicine. “If disturbed sleep contributes to Alzheimer's disease,” he adds, “we may be able to treat patients with sleep issues to avoid these negative outcomes.”
The new study used data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA), a long-term study started by the NIA in 1958 that followed the health of thousands of volunteers as they age. As part of the study's periodic exams, volunteers filled a questionnaire between 1991 and 2000 that asked a simple yes/no question: “Do you often become drowsy or fall asleep during the daytime when you wish to be awake?” They were also asked, “Do you nap?” with response options of “daily,” “1-2 times/week,” “3-5 times/week,” and “rarely or never.”
Additionally, a subgroup of BLSA volunteers also began receiving neuroimaging assessments in 1994. Starting in 2005, some of these participants received positron emission tomography (PET) scans using Pittsburgh compound B (PiB), a radioactive compound that can help identify beta-amyloid plaques in neuronal tissue.
The researchers subsequently identified 123 volunteers who both answered the earlier questions and had a PET scan with PiB an average of nearly 16 years later. They then analyzed this data to see if there was a correlation between participants who reported daytime sleepiness or napping and whether they scored positive for beta-amyloid deposition in their brains.
Before adjusting for demographic factors that could influence daytime sleepiness, such as age, sex, education, and body-mass index, their results showed that those who reported daytime sleepiness were about three times more likely to have beta-amyloid deposition than those who didn't report daytime fatigue. After adjusting for these factors, the risk was still 2.75 times higher in those with daytime sleepiness.
The unadjusted risk for amyloid-beta deposition was about twice as high in volunteers who reported napping, but this did not reach statistical significance.
It is currently unclear why daytime sleepiness would be correlated with the deposition of beta-amyloid protein. One possibility is that daytime sleepiness itself might somehow cause this protein to form in the brain. Based on previous research, a more likely explanation is that disturbed sleep—due to obstructive sleep apnea, for example—or insufficient sleep due to other factors, causes beta-amyloid plaques to form through a currently unknown mechanism and that these sleep disturbances also cause excessive daytime sleepiness.
“However, we cannot rule out that amyloid plaques that were present at the time of sleep assessment caused the sleepiness,” Dr. Spira comments.
Interestingly, previous studies in Alzheimer's disease animal models have shown that restricting nighttime sleep can lead to more beta-amyloid protein in the brain and spinal fluid. A handful of human studies have linked poor sleep with greater measures of beta-amyloid in neuronal tissue.
Researchers have long known that sleep disturbances are common in patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease—caregiver stress from being up with patients at night is a leading reason for Alzheimer's disease patients to be placed in long-term care. Growing beta-amyloid plaques and related brain changes are thought to affect sleep negatively.
“There is no cure yet for Alzheimer's disease, so we have to do our best to prevent it. Even if a cure is developed, prevention strategies should be emphasized,” Dr. Spira concludes. “Prioritizing sleep may be one way to help prevent or perhaps slow this condition.”
